The clonal transmissible cancers known as Tasmanian devil facial tumours (DFTs) represent an immunological enigma as they are simultaneously cancer, infectious agents, and allografts. The two devil facial tumours (DFT1, DFT2) arose independently from Schwann cells and have undergone sustained natural transmission in the wild since at least 1996 and 2014, respectively. The transmissible cancers evade host immunity despite accumulated mutations in tumour cells and MHC-I mismatches between tumour cells and hosts. This talk will cover what we know about immune surveillance and evasion, focusing on MHC-I and immune checkpoint proteins. Then we will cover current vaccine approaches with the aim of stimulating discussions of how the immune surveillance axis surrounding the MHC-I-like molecules CD1 and MR1 and unconventional T cells could play a role in vaccine design.